Quantum-Safe Blockchain Design Could Cut Fees and Network Bloat

Upgrading blockchains to post-quantum cryptography typically causes severe network congestion, high gas fees, and state bloat due to massive signature and zero-knowledge proof sizes. Compact Shielded client-side validation (CSV) solves this problem by removing signatures from the blockchain and shifting data storage and verification to end-user devices. Eliminating Signatures: The 96-Byte On-Chain Footprint For years,